Math Education Research Paper Topics

Math Education Research Paper TopicsThe ways in which mathematics education affects student development and their lives is one of the most fascinating findings in modern society. Today, research papers are written on a number of subjects, and many schools have large numbers of research articles that they undertake for the school year. Nevertheless, a majority of these papers are written with the guidance of a person or team who is knowledgeable about the topic, while a significant minority of these papers are directed by the head of the school.One of the most common areas where research papers are written in schools is mathematics education. In order to begin discussing the subject, we will look at a few ways in which the subject impacts students' lives.Students learn how to apply mathematical concepts and how to think numerically. They also learn the basic skills needed to write a proper math essay. Also, students learn the skills they need to be able to perform calculations and log ical reasoning. These are important skills that are very useful in life, especially in today's environment.Students also develop an understanding of fractions and other common mathematical concepts. Not only does this enable them to perform calculations, but it also gives them knowledge of the relationships between real numbers and fractions. Students also develop the ability to make complex and complicated calculations. This can be beneficial in both their career and personal lives.Students also learn how to do research when doing research for a math class. A number of studies show that students who are not good at mathematical reasoning are often unable to find solutions to problems and know where to look for resources. Therefore, students who learn how to research and solve problems are also likely to know how to do other tasks such as reading short stories and essays, interpreting graphs, writing and reading.There are many reasons why mathematics education is so important to the future of our society. As we are seeing with current statistics, we are facing an educational system that is falling behind other developed countries in education standards. These countries are in greater need of high quality teachers, because they are facing a crisis with regard to teacher shortages.If you are looking for research paper topics for your class, there are many places you can look. However, it is good to take the time to find out what topics students would like to do and why. As long as they are interested in the subject, it is usually a good idea to stick with the topic.

Sample Essay on the History of Slavery and Its Impact on Contemporary Society

Sample Essay on the History of Slavery and Its Impact on Contemporary SocietyA sample essay entitled 'History of Slavery and Its Impact on Contemporary Society' is a great way to present some background information about the African American community and the history of slavery. It will also help you develop a few ideas for supporting some of your points during the written essay portion of your college admissions test.This paper, though short, will address the impact of slavery on the black family, free black people, and the role of slavery in modern day society. It will help you demonstrate that you have an understanding of the African American experience, especially in the Civil War era. It will also support your view that you are likely to be successful in your studies and career.Be sure to prepare this essay for the college admissions test. You will want to use a pen and paper to complete this essay, as well as a vocabulary guide. You can find vocabulary guides for use in writing essays online. Also, see if you can find an expert on the topic and review the material you have.The history of slavery is important to understand because of how it has affected society today. The book, 'The Clans of America,' by Leonard Hawkes, provides an excellent example of the way slavery affected various societies around the world. This book provides a good overview of how slavery affected America.Slavery has changed the culture and structure of a person's individual life. This historical perspective is extremely valuable in today's society. Some of the ways that slavery influenced society include:The history of slavery and its impact on contemporary society can be very overwhelming. The subject requires a lot of research and focus. Students who are struggling with the idea of how slavery shaped the world in which they live will need to approach this topic in a more organized way.Developing this type of paper will require significant research. It will also require the ability to read and understand a number of sources. Students who struggle with reading will have difficulties with this form of essay.If you are looking for a quick way to present your background information and knowledge, a short time frame is all that is needed. However, if you are looking for a way to better understand the perspectives of the American public, the work of Dr. Hawkes will be of benefit. He shows the impact of slavery on all aspects of American society and offers some examples of how this event shaped the American experience.

Starbucks Competitors Analysis

The first product, which is coffee, its main competitors, are Seattle’s Best and Folgers. The other breakfast cereal products, its principal competitors, are Kellogg, Post, and General Mills. There are still other competitors in the market, but Star bucks uses a strategy of quality and diversification, to remove the upcoming competitors.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Starbucks Competitors Analysis – Sample Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another strategy applied by Star bucks against its competitors is concentrating its outlets at one point. According to the reports that were obtained in 2005, Star bucks had a net profit of $494.5 million, Kellogg $980.4 million, General Mills $ 1240 million, and Folgers $2546 million(Avlonitis 113). 4P’s of Star bucks As mentioned above, the major products of this company are breakfast products such as coffee and cereals. The compa ny used this strategy, as a way of placing itself at a more competitive edge than its competitors’ place. The product uniqueness of the two main products is ranged as medium. The nutritional value of coffee is categorized as low while that of cereal is high. The taste of Star bucks coffee is ranged as high, while that of cereals is medium compared to that of competitors(Grant 98). The pricing of Star bucks coffee is relatively low compared to that of some competitors, as away of making it hard for other competitors to survive in the market. The company lowers this price intentionally, as their competing strategy. However, the price of cereals compensate for coffee, as it is medium price(Grant 102). Star bucks insist that quality of their products comes first. Through provision of quality products to the customers, customers have build brand loyalty. The company has made extra efforts in ensuring its products reach the intended customers at the right place and condition. Star bucks have ventured in more than fifty countries with so many outlets. The company has even introduced online selling of its products, whereby the customers can purchase the products anywhere, and anytime. This has created much convenience for those customers, who are always busy (Avlonitis 174). They also have a tendency of reaching the customers by concentrating their outlets at one point. Star buck is known to promote its both nationally and internationally levels. They have used various media services to reach the customers through placing adverts for their quality products. Severally, they hold promotion for their products, where people are given chances to taste their coffee, as an effort of building brand loyalty to the customers. Star bucks development brand image In 2010, when star bucks were celebrating its 40th anniversary, the key theme was to facilitate the development of their brand image. The company introduced new images for coffee cups, cups holders, as well as for the shopping bags(Grant 230). During this period, the company also introduced a new coffee blend to the public, which they named Tribute. All these new modifications to their products were for ensuring the constant development of their brand image.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The new identity was marked by a bright green color that showed vibrancy of the products. The company wanted to portray the act of evolution for their products. The main theme was to re-energize their customers, both existing and new ones. Any change to the brand image of the company should be carefully handled, as it may end up confusing the customers. The understanding and acceptance of customers are very crucial factor that need to be considered first(Grant 162). The change may also act as a limitation of widening the product line, as they may end up loosing the new customers, who may no t be so familiar with the company. Works Cited Avlonitis, George. Product and services management. New York: SAGE, 2006. Grant, Robert. Contemporary strategy analysis. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. This research paper on Starbucks Competitors Analysis – Sample Research Paper was written and submitted by user Rashad Robinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Events industry The WritePass Journal

Events industry Introduction Events industry ). The industry uses its platform in the public eye to push key agendas such as sustainable development and eco-awareness therefore comprising of a social responsiveness aspect. The events industry is interconnected with certain other economic goals such as exports earning potential with the many of the leading global exhibition organizations are UK-based, therefore leading to profit generation return significant export income. There is significant growth expected in the outdoor and sports events sectors with the upcoming Olympics and Paralympics with a projected 20% additional business visits expenditure predicted for that that period. The implication therefore of being connected to the events industry is substantial as change in this sector has a significant influence over other related economic ventures. Events management is essentially a service based industry that revolves strongly around planning and execution. It involves studying the intricacies of a particular brand, identifying a target audience, devising an event concept, thereafter planning the logistics and coordinating the technical aspects that are required by the event before actually executing the plan for the event. Events are considered a strategic marketing and communication tool for all sized and variety of companies. Management not only includes logistical organization, but also other considerations such as health and safety. The industry there requires good working knowledge of administration relating to this events. In recent years there has been a push towards education of events professionals with an increasing number of institutions offering graduate degrees and diplomas in events management, therefore supporting the aims of professional management by the EIA. There are four broad categories of events: Leisure , cultural, organizational and personal. The Giants of Industry As mentioned, the EIA is the general regulatory body of the events industry. It is an internal body as it is made up of three separate partners: the Association of Event Organizers (AEO), the Association of Event Venues (AEV) and the Event Suppliers and Services Association (ESSA). This alliance represents the three main players in the industry, namely the professionals, venue coordinators and suppliers. The Association of Event Organizers (AEO) represents the â€Å"companies which conceive, create, develop or manage trade and consumer events† (AEO, 2012). They aim to serve the industry by promoting the needs of event organizers and the industry at large (AEO, 2012). These organizers are responsible for the way an event is planned, prepared and produced. An event manager’s job is to oversee and arrange every aspect of an event, including researching, implementing, controlling, planning, organizing, and evaluating an event’s design, activities, and production (Silvers, 2003). The Association of Event Venues (AEV) represents an â€Å"organization serving an established event venue community, focused on creating and driving platforms that service fundamental industry needs† (AEV, 2012). The importance of the appropriate venue goes without saying and therefore to have an organization where one can ensure an industry standard as well as the provision of the correct and suitable event venue is absolutely vital. The broad category into which the event falls will generally dictate the type of venue that is needed and to this extent it is the venue coordinators or administrators that liaise with the event planners with regards to venue specific logistical requirements. The third leg of the tripod is the Events Suppliers and Services Association (ESSA) which represents â€Å"the best interests of contractors and suppliers of goods and services to the exhibitions events industry† (ESSA, 2012). In addition to its sister organizations, the ESSA is committed to creation of an industry standard that is committed to a certain service expectation and guarantee in this time of economic recession. Recently, there is a fourth major role player in the industry in the public government sector, namely the All-Party Parliamentary Group for the UK Events Industry whose mission is to â€Å"represent the UK events industry in Parliament; to highlight the value of the industry, engage with politicians and industry representatives; and to ensure that the UK benefits from the success of events like the 2012 Olympics† (APPG Events Industry, 2012). This has been an important introduction into the industry as it has formed some public sector involvement in the formally private industry. With the projected boom of the industry during the Olympic Games, this presents a unique opportunity for interaction in government tender thereby facilitating growth into the public sector. Trends in the Event Industry Link with Education Despite the recession, the industry continues to grow and therefore there is a greater need for industry professionals. This is turn creates the need for industry standard and therefore a greater need for education information, advice and guidance. More and more, the industry is requiring qualifications for events vacancies and there has been a recent emergence of graduate degrees and diplomas to this extent. The Economic Recession The recession has mainly only affected construction, automotive and finance institutions, however for the majority of business it is business as usual. Most of the businesses therefore have the scheduled events without consequence; however acknowledge that this is to the detriment of the luxury end of the venue scale to the benefit of the midrange venues such as universities and halls. There is however a significant change in the public perception of companies as the whiplash of the recession is that there have been higher redundancy rates and therefore less incentives and rewards as companies do not wants to be perceived as spending on unnecessary expenses whilst making staffing cutbacks. The knock on effect of this has caused greater competition in the industry as there is less market share to go around. This can be advantageous for the industry as it will raise standards for service delivery in trying to win back market share, however it can also lead to the downfall of smaller bo utique companies Non-Profit or Charity Sector Research indicated that the not-for-profit sector accounts for up to 50% of the clientele of the events industry. This sector seems to have grown despite the recession and they tend to bring in stable business as events are often planned well in advance. Shortened Time-Frames More Bang for your Buck Clients are expecting more value for money and therefore have higher service expectations. There is also a new trend of last-minute booking agencies in order to get a better deal.   There is more pressure in the work place as a result of shorter lead times which require high developed coordination skills. This relates back to the earlier trend of educational requirement in the industry. This also involves strong need for skilled account managers. Location, Location, Location! The type of event in demand has evolved into the popular outdoor festivals. The demand for day trips within the UK began to rise in 2009, with people choosing to spend their leisure time locally. This has assisted the growth of tailor-made/DIY holiday packages, one needs to be aware of these trends to assess the potential of any event. Why me? I am exceptionally well coordinated. I believe that the key to successful event planning is to be able to coordinate yourself and an entire team – it’s all about planning and re-planning. Through my professional experience thus far, I have refined this skill. I am also very resourceful. I believe that due to the nature of the business, there is the potential for things to wrong or not according to plan. I would do well in these situations, as I am able to come up with a creative fix, whether moving things around or on the spot rescheduling. I have a passion for this industry that I believe will carry me through difficult situations, and I am able to communicate effectively with all those around me. I have a good working knowledge of the various stakeholders in any events, which I learned through professional experience over the years and as such am versatile. I am level-headed and practical, so I am able to manage plans in an objective and logical way. It is a combinati on of these skills that I believe will make me a strong contender in the industry. I am also very personable and friendly, allowing me to get along well with anybody regardless of position or professional, this helps develop good business relationships and is crutial for successful networking in the industry. Graduate Opportunities Accommodation Manager It is the accommodation managers responsibility to ensure that the venue or establishment is run smoothly and according to standard.   There are employment opportunities in both the public and private sector. Managerial skills are very important in this job as one would often be running an establishment and a team of people. Often these managers would oversee any conference and meeting preparation that is hosted at their venue/establishment, making a background in events highly advantageous. Catering Manager A catering manager organizes and develops the food and beverage services of an organisation. This could vary depending on the size of the company from managing a team of people responsible for different areas of the team, or a day to day running of staff. These managers are responsible for ensuring that the sales runs smoothly, whilst still having a hands-on approach to management. Conference Centre Manager A conference centre manager manages the everyday operations of a conference centre. This includes managing the staff as well as any administration that needs to take place, including catering, staffing, accommodation, marketing and finance, and sales. It is a multi-faceted job that requires a dynamic individual, however should help to generally improve all skills. Event Organizer Event organisors are responsible for the production of events from conception to completion. These events may be exhibitions or markets, fairs, festivals, conferences, promotions and product launches, social and charity events. They can work in public or private sector, in-house or freelance. It is a dynamic industry and allows the most room for unpredictable growth as the amount of work put in generally reflects the output. Public House Manager Public House managers generally work for a pub or bar. They are responsible for all the sales, marketing and management requirements of these pubs. This could range from stock and staff control, however could also include event planning for the pub or for musical events. The ability to market is key in this role as it is the managers responsibility to ensure that the pub remains profitable. GAP Analysis Plan of Action Leadership Competencies These roles require strong leadership qualities, as most functions involve running a team of people and in order to do so effectively, there will need to be strong management skills and also the ability to understand people.   Whilst I have good communication skills and a strong background in customer service, I am well attune to managing good working relationships which will be advantageous to networking, however I can look to improve my experience in managing a team of people. However, because of my experience working in fast paced hospitality environments, I am well coordinated, efficient and adept at time management. The transition therefore to experiencing Functional Competencies It has been stressed through evaluating the various criterian and market trends in the events industry that excellent organization skills are absolutely vital to the success of a person in the events industry. Whilst my organizational skills are well practiced as my professional experience has necessitated the development of these skills in terms of management myself and my work environment. Gaps The gaps that exist in my skill level that I aim to improve is really relating to my management skills. I hope to immediately find a position that will allow me to have responsibilities within my role managing people and therefore improving my leadership ability. I believe that thus far I will be successful and competent in these roles, however at this stage, I am looking for experience managing people to ensure quick career progression. I also hope to get more experience in managing a variety of different things at a time for example: staffing, financial and budget management, catering needs, venue hire. Being able to manage these different things at one time will undoubtedly assist in the development of my coordination skills and also generally give me more experience in a practical working environment. Plan of Action In the time leading up to graduation, I am going to start looking at job opportunities in the industry in events management position. I think to begin with it is important to work in-house to gain experience and begin to network. Inevitably it is my career ambition to have my own events company, branching out initially into freelance and then building it up from there into a small to medium sized company. However, I first need to learn the ropes and the practical aspects of the industry and also find out the sector that I most enjoy and am the most successful in. I believe that I have finished my formal education, however now need to get a practical education and link what I have learned to actual industry work. In the summer, I plan to look for an internship leading up to a permanent position as a junior in-house events planner. I would be most interested in getting involved in festival and cultural events that are based on the idea of a day trip. References Association of Event Organizers, 2012 [online] [cited 19 May 2012] Accessed on aeo.org.uk/ Association of Event Venues, 2012 [online] [cited 19 May 2012] Accessed on aev.org.uk/ Event Suppliers and Services Association, 2012 [online] [cited 19 May 2012] Accessed on essa.uk.com/ Events Industry Alliance, 2012. [online] [cited 19 May 2012) Accessed on: eventsindustryalliance.com/ People 1st Labour Market Review of the Events Industry January 2010 Prospects The UK’s Official Graduate Career Website: Events Management [online] [cited on May 2012) Accessed on prospects.ac.uk/types_of_jobs_hospitality.htm Register Of All-Party Groups [as at 4 May 2012] All-Party Parliamentary Group for the UK Events Industry [online] [e-register] Accessed on publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/register/events-industry.htm

BADM 3601 †Operations Management Assignmen

Statistics show that students arrive at a rate of four per hour, and the distribution is approximately Poisson. Assistance time averages 10 minutes, distributed exponentially. Assume population and line length can be infinite and queue discipline is FCFS. Using this information, answer the following questions. i. Calculate the percent of utilization of the graduate student P= 4/6 = 2/3 = . 6667 percent utilization ii. Determine the average number of students in the system ?= 4 per hour ?= 6 students helped an hour Ls= 4/ 6-4 = 4/2 = 2 students in the system on average. iii. Calculate the average time in the system Ws= 1/ 6-4 = ? = . 5 hours average time in the system iv. Find out the probability of four or more students being in line or being served P0= 1 – 4/6 = 1- 2/3 = . 33 probability that there are 4 or more students being in line or being served. . Before a test, the arrival of students increases to five per hour on the average. ?Compute the average number of students waiting under this scenario. Lq= 4^2 / 6 (6-4) = 16/ 12= 1. 33 student waiting in line on average. (b) Â  What are the three characteristics of a waiting? line system? 1. Arrivals or inputs to the system: these have characteristics such as population size, behavior, and a statistical distribution. 2. Queue discipline, or the waiting line itself: characteristics of the queue include whether is it limited or unlimited in length and the discipline of people or items in it. . The service facility: its characteristics include its design and the statistical distribution of service times. —————————————————————————————– Question 2. Radovilsky’s Department Store in Haywood, California, maintains a successful catalog sales department in which a clerk takes orders by telephone. If the clerk is occupied on one line, incoming phone calls to the catalog department are answered automatically by a recording machine and asked to wait. As soon as the clerk is free, the party who has waited the longest is transferred and serviced first. Calls come in at a rate of about 12 per hour. The clerk can take an order in an average of 4 minutes. Calls tend to follow a Poisson distribution, and service times tend to be exponential. The cost of the clerk is $10 per hour, but because of lost goodwill and sales, Radovilsky’s loses about $25 per hour of customer time spent waiting for the clerk to take an order. ?= 12 ? = 15 (a) What is the average time that catalog customers must wait before their calls are transferred to the order clerk? Wq= 12/ 15 (15-12) = . 2667 average time to wait before transferred (b) What is the average number of callers waiting to place an order? Lq = 12^2 / 15 (15- 12) = 3. 2 average number of callers waiting to place an order (c) Radovilsky’s is considering adding a second clerk to take calls. The store’s cost would be the same $10 per hour. Should it hire another clerk? Explain your decision. Yes they should hire another clerk because the customer average wait time and average number of callers waiting to place an order indicate that a second representative is needed. BADM 3601 – Operations Management Assignmen Statistics show that students arrive at a rate of four per hour, and the distribution is approximately Poisson. Assistance time averages 10 minutes, distributed exponentially. Assume population and line length can be infinite and queue discipline is FCFS. Using this information, answer the following questions. i. Calculate the percent of utilization of the graduate student P= 4/6 = 2/3 = . 6667 percent utilization ii. Determine the average number of students in the system ?= 4 per hour ?= 6 students helped an hour Ls= 4/ 6-4 = 4/2 = 2 students in the system on average. iii. Calculate the average time in the system Ws= 1/ 6-4 = ? = . 5 hours average time in the system iv. Find out the probability of four or more students being in line or being served P0= 1 – 4/6 = 1- 2/3 = . 33 probability that there are 4 or more students being in line or being served. . Before a test, the arrival of students increases to five per hour on the average. ?Compute the average number of students waiting under this scenario. Lq= 4^2 / 6 (6-4) = 16/ 12= 1. 33 student waiting in line on average. (b) Â  What are the three characteristics of a waiting? line system? 1. Arrivals or inputs to the system: these have characteristics such as population size, behavior, and a statistical distribution. 2. Queue discipline, or the waiting line itself: characteristics of the queue include whether is it limited or unlimited in length and the discipline of people or items in it. . The service facility: its characteristics include its design and the statistical distribution of service times. —————————————————————————————– Question 2. Radovilsky’s Department Store in Haywood, California, maintains a successful catalog sales department in which a clerk takes orders by telephone. If the clerk is occupied on one line, incoming phone calls to the catalog department are answered automatically by a recording machine and asked to wait. As soon as the clerk is free, the party who has waited the longest is transferred and serviced first. Calls come in at a rate of about 12 per hour. The clerk can take an order in an average of 4 minutes. Calls tend to follow a Poisson distribution, and service times tend to be exponential. The cost of the clerk is $10 per hour, but because of lost goodwill and sales, Radovilsky’s loses about $25 per hour of customer time spent waiting for the clerk to take an order. ?= 12 ? = 15 (a) What is the average time that catalog customers must wait before their calls are transferred to the order clerk? Wq= 12/ 15 (15-12) = . 2667 average time to wait before transferred (b) What is the average number of callers waiting to place an order? Lq = 12^2 / 15 (15- 12) = 3. 2 average number of callers waiting to place an order (c) Radovilsky’s is considering adding a second clerk to take calls. The store’s cost would be the same $10 per hour. Should it hire another clerk? Explain your decision. Yes they should hire another clerk because the customer average wait time and average number of callers waiting to place an order indicate that a second representative is needed.

Discuss the usefulness and limitations of financial ratios in Essay - 1

Discuss the usefulness and limitations of financial ratios in evaluating the performance and management of companies - Essay Example 300). The most common ratio is the current ratio/working capital ratio which represents the ratio of current assets to current assets. This ratio shows the company’s capability to meet its short term bills and expenses. Current ratio which is greater than one is more preferred since it means that the company has more current assets than current liabilities. A ratio which is less than one is unfavorable because it means that the company has more current liabilities than assets (Whittington 1980, p. 222). A high current ratio indicates a safety cushion and increases the flexibility since some of the stock items and receivables in arrears may not be easily be converted into cash. Entities can improve current ratio by the conversion of short term debts into long term debt, collecting promptly its receivables, buying inventory when only needed and necessary and paying down all debt. Current ratio is given by: This ratio is often termed as a more stringent liquidity test as it indicates whether a firm has adequate short-term assets to cover for current liabilities and this excludes selling inventory. A ratio of 1:1 shows that that an entity can pay its expenses without being forced to sell inventory (Barnes 1987, p.484). Working capital is a measure of cash flow and for an entity to be running well, this ratio must always be positive. This ratio measures the amount of that has been invested in resources subject to quick turn over. In most cases, lenders use this ratio to evaluate and ascertain the ability of the company at hard times (Whittington 1980, p. 219). In the financial year 2013, easy jet plc had the following liquidity ratios namely, current ratio of 0.89, quick ratio of 0.89 and a cash ratio of 0.75. All these ratios were positive thus favorable for the entity. One major limitation of the liquidity ratios is that they do not focus much on the

COOP WORK TERM ANALYSIS REPORT Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

COOP WORK ANALYSIS REPORT - Term Paper Example The number of people who are trying to commit crimes against kids through the internet, blogs, social media and other sites is rapidly growing. The cause of this is the use of technology amongst our children grows day by day. Software piracy; this is a case whereby someone copies software for personal use or distribution. This happens with programs that are not protected with malware protection, encryption keys or supplementary types of anti- piracy methods. These anti- piracy tools are, however, not perfectly foolproof since the Cyber criminals develop advanced ways of meandering with them. Anti- piracy methods will thus constantly be improved. Child pornography and Minor Assault; this is whereby an individual knowingly distributes, sells and buys child pornography via the internet. Child prostitution is also part of this since criminals have been using chat rooms to tempt minors into sexual encounters that are illegal. Computer Virus Transmission: a virus transmitter, who in this case is the criminal, creates a deadly virus that infects computers and causes them to function improperly. These viruses might also cause the computer to run irritating programs, or get access to a victim’s personal data. ‘Malware’ is the common name that is given to this software. Frequent types of malware are spyware, Trojan horses and Adware. Victims can without knowing download these programs via pop-up windows, websites and emails. Money Fraud; In this case, a victim is made to believe that he will be given money or some other valuable thing. â€Å"Phishing† scams entail creating replica emails while pretending to be genuine businesses like credit companies or banks that probe the victim to ascertain personal data. Computer Industry Espionage; this is the stealing trade secrets, or spying of individuals via technological ways for blackmail, corporate